One Line
The text describes the complex situation in impoverished Brazilian neighborhoods, where a lack of government services and high crime rates coexist with the growing popularity of favela culture and the emergence of tourism.
Slides
Slide Presentation (12 slides)
Key Points
- Favelas are working-class neighborhoods in Brazil, often referred to as slums or ghettos, that have emerged due to Brazil's unequal distribution of wealth and lack of opportunities for the urban poor
- Favelas are characterized by poverty, lack of basic services, and high crime rates, with the drug trade and associated violence having a significant impact on these communities
- The Brazilian government has attempted various policies to address the "favela problem," including eradication programs and more recent efforts to upgrade and integrate favelas, though these have sometimes led to gentrification and displacement
- Favela culture has gained increasing popularity in recent years, with music, art, and tourism drawing attention to these communities, though favela tourism remains controversial
- The Brazilian government has implemented a program called Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) in an effort to reclaim control of favelas from drug traffickers, but concerns remain about the program's long-term effectiveness and its impact on favela residents
Summaries
23 word summary
Impoverished Brazilian neighborhoods lacking services and plagued by crime. Government policies have had mixed results, but favela culture gains popularity and tourism emerges.
45 word summary
Favelas are impoverished Brazilian neighborhoods characterized by lack of services and high crime. The government's policies have had mixed results, with drug trade and violence persisting. However, favela culture has gained popularity, and tourism has emerged. Favelas remain a complex reflection of Brazil's socioeconomic inequalities.
130 word summary
Favelas are working-class neighborhoods in Brazil, often referred to as slums. Characterized by poverty, lack of services, and high crime, favelas reflect Brazil's unequal wealth distribution. Residents face discrimination and difficulty finding employment. The government has attempted various policies, including eradication and upgrading programs, though these have sometimes led to gentrification. The drug trade has significantly impacted favelas, with traffickers exerting control. Despite attempts at removal, favelas have continued to grow rapidly, now housing around 19% of Rio's population. Favela culture, including music and art, has gained popularity, and favela tourism has become a significant industry. The government's Pacifying Police Units have had some success in reducing violence, but concerns remain about their long-term effectiveness. Favelas continue to be a complex aspect of Brazilian society, highlighting the country's socioeconomic inequalities.
433 word summary
Favelas are working-class neighborhoods in Brazil, often referred to as slums or ghettos. The term "favela" dates back to the late 19th century, when soldiers from the War of Canudos were granted permission to settle on the Providência hill in Rio de Janeiro. Over the years, many former enslaved Africans and rural migrants moved into these informal settlements.
Favelas are characterized by poverty, lack of basic services, and high crime rates. They are the result of Brazil's unequal distribution of wealth, with the top 10% earning 50% of the national income. Residents of favelas often face discrimination and difficulty finding employment due to the stigma associated with living in these communities.
The Brazilian government has attempted various policies to address the "favela problem," including eradication programs in the 1970s that forcibly removed over 100,000 residents. More recent efforts have focused on upgrading and integrating favelas into the formal urban fabric, though this has sometimes led to gentrification and displacement of the poorest residents.
The drug trade has had a significant impact on favelas, with drug lords often exerting control over these communities. Shootouts between traffickers and police, as well as other illegal activities, have contributed to high murder rates in some favelas. Traffickers, however, also provide a sense of order and safety for residents through their political connections and reciprocal relationships.
Despite attempts at removal, favelas have continued to grow rapidly, with the favela population in Rio de Janeiro increasing by 41% between 1980 and 1990, and 24% between 1990 and the present day. Favelas are now home to around 19% of Rio's population, or one in five people.
Favela culture has gained increasing popularity in recent years, with music, art, and tourism drawing attention to these communities. Genres like funk carioca and hip-hop have emerged from the favelas, while favela-inspired art and nightclubs have become popular worldwide. Favela tourism, though controversial, has also become a significant industry, offering visitors a glimpse into the lives of the urban poor.
In recent years, the Brazilian government has implemented a program called Pacifying Police Units (UPPs) in an effort to reclaim control of favelas from drug traffickers. While the UPPs have had some success in reducing violence, concerns remain about the program's long-term effectiveness and its impact on favela residents.
Overall, favelas continue to be a complex and multifaceted aspect of Brazilian society, reflecting the country's deep socioeconomic inequalities and the resilience of its urban poor. As favela culture gains global recognition, the challenge remains to address the underlying issues of poverty, discrimination, and lack of opportunity that have given rise to these informal settlements.
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Favela - Wikipedia
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For other uses, see
Favela (disambiguation)
Favela
Portuguese:
[fvl]
) is an
umbrella name
for several types of
working-class
neighborhoods in
Brazil
. The term, which means
slum
or
ghetto
, was first used in the
Slum of Providncia
in the center of
Rio de Janeiro
in the late 19th century, which was built by soldiers who had lived under the
favela trees
in
Bahia
and had nowhere to live following the
Canudos War
. Some of the last settlements were called
bairros africanos
(African neighborhoods). Over the years, many former
enslaved Africans
moved in. Even before the first favela came into being, poor citizens were pushed away from the city and forced to live in the far suburbs.
Rocinha
is the largest hill favela in
Rio de Janeiro
(as well as in Brazil and the second largest slum and shanty town in
Latin America
). Although favelas are found in urban areas throughout Brazil, many of the more famous ones exist in Rio.
Rio's
Santa Teresa
neighborhood features favelas (right) contrasted with more affluent houses (left). The statue
Christ the Redeemer
, shrouded in clouds, is in the left background.
Most modern favelas appeared in the 1970s due to
rural exodus
, when many people left rural areas of Brazil and moved to cities. Unable to find places to live, many people found themselves in favelas.
[1]
Census data released in December 2011 by the
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics
(IBGE) showed that in 2010, about 6 percent of the Brazilian population lived in favelas and other slums. Favelas are located in 323 of the 5,565 Brazilian
municipalities
[2]
Contents
History
Public policy towards favelas
2.1
Pacifying police units
Formation of favela society and culture
3.1
Drugs in the favelas
3.2
Growth and removal of the favelas
3.3
Religion
3.4
Music
3.5
Popularization of favela culture
Tourism
In popular culture
See also
References
Further reading
External links
History
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The term favela dates back to the late 1800s.
[3]
At the time, soldiers were brought from the
War of Canudos
, in the northeastern state of
Bahia
, to
Rio de Janeiro
and left with no place to live.
[4]
When they served in Bahia, those soldiers had been familiar with Canudos'
Morro da Favela
("Favela Hill") a name referring to
favela
, a skin-irritating tree in the
spurge family
Cnidoscolus quercifolius
) indigenous to Bahia.
[5]
[6]
[7]
When they settled on the Providncia [Providence] hill in Rio de Janeiro, they nicknamed the place
Favela hill
[8]
The favelas were formed prior to the dense occupation of cities and the domination of real estate interests.
[9]
Following the end of slavery and increased urbanization into Brazilian cities, a lot of people from the Brazilian countryside moved to Rio. These new migrants sought work in the city but with little to no money, they could not afford urban housing.
[10]
During the 1950s, the favelas grew to such an extent that they were perceived as a problem for the whole society. At the same time the term favela underwent a first institutionalization by becoming a local category for the settlements of the urban poor on hills. However, it was not until 1937 that the favela actually became central to public attention, when the Building Code (Cdigo de Obras) first recognized their very existence in an official document and thus marked the beginning of explicit favela policies.
[11]
The housing crisis of the 1940s forced the urban poor to erect hundreds of
shantytowns
in the suburbs, when favelas replaced tenements as the main type of residence for destitute
Cariocas
(residents of Rio). The explosive era of favela growth dates from the 1940s, when
Getlio Vargas
's industrialization drive pulled hundreds of thousands of migrants into the former Federal District, to the 1970s, when shantytowns expanded beyond urban Rio and into the metropolitan periphery.
[12]
Urbanization in the 1950s provoked mass migration from the countryside to the cities throughout Brazil by those hoping to take advantage of the economic opportunities urban life provided. Those who moved to Rio de Janeiro chose an inopportune time. The change of Brazil's capital from Rio to
Braslia
in 1960 marked a slow but steady decline for the former, as industry and employment options began to dry up. Unable to find work, and therefore unable to afford housing within the city limits, these new migrants remained in the favelas. Despite their proximity to urban
Rio de Janeiro
, the city did not extend sanitation, electricity, or other services to the favelas. They soon became associated with extreme poverty and were considered a headache to many citizens and politicians within Rio.
citation needed
In the 1970s, Brazil's military dictatorship pioneered a favela eradication policy, which forced the displacement of hundreds of thousands of residents. During
Carlos Lacerda
's administration, many were moved to public housing projects such as
Cidade de Deus
("City of God"), later popularized in a widely popular feature film of the same name. Poor public planning and insufficient investment by the government led to the disintegration of these projects into new favelas.
citation needed
By the 1980s, worries about
eviction
and eradication were beginning to give way to violence associated with the burgeoning drug trade. Changing routes of production and consumption meant that
Rio de Janeiro
found itself as a transit point for
cocaine
destined for Europe. Although drugs brought in money, they also accompanied the rise of the
small arms trade
and of gangs competing for dominance.
citation needed
While there are Rio favelas which are still essentially ruled by organized crime groups like
drug traffickers
or by organized crime groups called
milcias
Brazilian police militias
), all of the favelas in Rio's
South Zone
and key favelas in the
North Zone
are now managed by
Pacifying Police Units
, known as UPPs. While drug dealing, sporadic gun fights, and residual control from drug lords remain in certain areas, Rio's political leaders point out that the UPP is a new paradigm after decades without a government presence in these areas.
[13]
Most of the current favelas greatly expanded in the 1970s, as a construction boom in the more affluent districts of Rio de Janeiro initiated a
rural exodus
of workers from poorer
states
in Brazil. Since then, favelas have been created under different terms but with similar results.
citation needed
[14]
Communities form in favelas over time and often develop an array of social and religious organizations and forming associations to obtain such services as running water and electricity. Sometimes the residents manage to gain title to the land and then are able to improve their homes. Because of crowding, unsanitary conditions,
poor nutrition
and pollution, disease is rampant in the poorer favelas and
infant mortality rates
are high. In addition, favelas situated on hillsides are often at risk from flooding and landslides.
[15]
The lights of
Vidigal
favela in Rio de Janeiro as seen from
Ipanema
and
Leblon
beaches. The cone spire to the far right is part of the Morro Dois Irmos.
Service in Favela (Census 2010)
Percent
[16]
Sanitation
67.3
Water
88.3
Electricity
99.7
Garbage collection
95.4
People in Favela
Population
Favela residents of Brazil's population
11,400,000 (6%)
Demographics in Favela
Proportion
[17]
Pardo
or
black
68.4
Illiteracy
8.4
Public policy towards favelas
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In the late 19th century, the state gave regulatory impetus for the creation of Rio de Janeiro's first
squatter
settlement. The soldiers from the War of Canudos (1896-7) were granted permission by Ministry of War to settle on the Providncia hill, located between the seaside and centre of the city (Pino 1997). The arrival of former black slaves expanded this settlement and the hill became known as Morro de Providncia (Pino 1997). The first wave of formal government intervention was in direct response to the overcrowding and outbreak of disease in Providncia and the surrounding slums that had begun to appear through internal migration (Oliveira 1996). The simultaneous immigration of White Europeans to the city in this period generated strong demand for housing near the water and the government responded by "razing" the slums and relocating the slum dwellers to Rio's north and south zones (Oliveira 1996, pp. 74). This was the beginning of almost a century of state-sanctioned interventions marked by aggressive eradication policies.
Favelas in the early twentieth century were considered breeding grounds for antisocial behavior and spread of disease. The issue of honor pertaining to legal issues was not even considered for residents of the favelas. After a series of comments and events in the neighborhood of Morro da Cyprianna, during which a local woman Elvira Rodrigues Marques was slandered, the Marques family took it to court. This is a significant change in what the public considered the norm for favela residents, who the upper classes considered devoid of honor all together.
[18]
Following the initial forced re-relocation, favelas were left largely untouched by the government until the 1940s. During this period politicians, under the auspice of national industrialization and poverty alleviation, pushed for high density public housing as an alternative to the favelas (Skidmore 2010). The "Parque Proletrio" program relocated favelados to nearby temporary housing while land was cleared for the construction of permanent housing units (Skidmore 2010). In spite of the political assertions of Rio's Mayor Henrique Dodsworth, the new public housing estates were never built and the once-temporary housing alternatives began to grow into new and larger favelas (Oliveira 1996). Skidmore (2010) argues that "Parque Proletrio" was the basis for the intensified eradication policy of the 1960s and 1970s.
The mass urban migration to Rio de Janeiro in the 1950s resulted in the proliferation of favelas across the urban terrain. In order to deal with the "favela problem" (Portes 1979, pp. 5), the state implemented a full-scale favela removal program in the 1960s and 1970s that resettled favelados to the periphery of the city (Oliveira 1996). According to Anthony (2013), some of the most brutal favela removals in Rio de Janeiro's history occurred during this period. The military regime of the time provided limited resources to support the transition and favelados struggled to adapt to their new environments that were effectively ostracized communities of poorly built housing, inadequate infrastructure and lacking in public transport connections (Portes 1979). Perlman (2006) points to the state's failure in appropriately managing the favelas as the main reason for the rampant violence, drugs and gang problems that ensued in the communities in the following years. The creation of BOPE (Special Police Operations Battalion) in 1978 was the government's response to this violence (Pino 1997). BOPE, in their all black military ensemble and weaponry, was Rio's attempt to confront violence with an equally opposing entity.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, public policy shifted from eradication to preservation and upgrading of the favelas. The "Favela-Bairro" program, launched in 1993, sought to improve living standards for the favelados (Pamuk and Cavallieri 1998). The program provided basic sanitation services and social services, connected favelas to the formal urban community through a series of street connections and public spaces and legalized land tenure (Pamuk and Cavallieri 1998). Aggressive intervention, however, did not entirely disappear from the public agenda. Stray-bullet killings, drug gangs and general violence were escalating in the favelas and from 1995 to mid-1995, the state approved a joint army-police intervention called "Operao Rio" (Human Rights Watch 1996). "Operao Rio" was the state's attempt to regain control of the favelas from the drug factions that were consolidating the social and political vacuum left by previously unsuccessful state policies and interventions (Perlman 2006).
Since 2009, Rio de Janeiro has had walls separating the rich neighborhoods from the favelas, officially to protect the natural environment, but critics charge that the barriers are for economic segregation.
[19]
Pacifying police units
edit
Main article:
Pacifying Police Unit
Brazilian troops during an operation in Rocinha.
Beginning in 2008,
Pacifying Police Units
Portuguese
Unidade de Polcia Pacificadora
, also translated as Police Pacification Unit), abbreviated
UPP
, began to be implemented within various favelas in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The UPP is a
law enforcement
and social services program aimed at reclaiming territories controlled by drug traffickers. The program was spearheaded by State Public Security Secretary
Jos Mariano Beltrame
with the backing of Rio Governor
Srgio Cabral
Rio de Janeiro's state governor, Srgio Cabral, traveled to
Colombia
in 2007 in order to observe public security improvements enacted in the country under Colombian President
lvaro Uribe
since 2000. Following his return, he secured US$1.7 billion for the express purpose of security improvement in Rio, particularly in the favelas. In 2008, the state government unveiled a new police force whose rough translation is Pacifying Police Unit (UPP). Recruits receive special training as well as a US$300 monthly bonus. By October 2012, UPPs have been established in 28 favelas, with the stated goal of Rio's government to install 40 UPPs by 2014.
The establishment of a UPP within a favela is initially spearheaded by Rio de Janeiro's elite police battalion,
BOPE
, in order to arrest or drive out gang leaders. After generally securing an area of heavy weapons and large drug caches, and establishing a presence over several weeks to several months, the BOPE are then replaced by a new Pacifying Police Unit composed of hundreds of newly trained policemen, who work within a given favela as a permanent presence aimed at community policing.
Suspicion toward the police force is widespread in the favelas, so working from within is a more effective and efficient means of enacting change. Rio's Security Chief, Jos Mariano Beltrame, has stated that the main purpose of the UPPs is more toward stopping armed men from ruling the streets than to put an end to drug trafficking. A 2010 report by the
World Organization Against Torture
(OMCT) did note the drop in the homicide rate within Rio de Janeiro's favelas. The report also pointed to the importance of initiatives that combine public security with intra-favela initiatives.
Journalists within Rio studying ballot results from the 2012 municipal elections observed that those living within favelas administered by UPPs distributed their votes among a wider spectrum of candidates compared to areas controlled by drug lords or other organized crime groups such as
milcias
[20]
More recent rounds of state policy break with the past, as community policing and participatory planning are now cornerstones of Brazilian public policy. Seeking to build on 'Favela-Bairro', the informally coined 'Favela Chic' program was aimed at bringing favelas into the formal social fabric of the city while simultaneously empowering favelados to act as key agents in their communities (Navarro-Sertich 2011). Media outlets have been critical of this change in policy and believe its only reflective of the government's concerns of the large media attention Rio attracted during the 2014 FIFA World Cup (McLoughlin 2011) and the 2016 Olympic Games (Griffin 2016). Anthony (2013) was equally as critical of the policy and said that while rhetoric asserted the government's best intention, the reality was more in line with aggressive policies of the past. He points to the announcement in 2010 from Rio's Mayor Eduardo Paes concerning the removal of two inner city favelas, Morro de Prazeres and Laboriaux, and the forced relocation of its residents.
There have been significant shifts in favela policy in the last century. In 2020, a
Civil Police
report shows that the city of Rio de Janeiro has 1,413 favelas, all under the control of a parallel armed power (drug trafficking or armed militia).
[21]
Due to the large scale and complexities of these
informal settlements
, academic interest into this field remains high.
The Cantagalo favela is located on a hill in Rio's
Ipanema
and
Copacabana
neighborhoods.
Favela not far from Copacabana
Favela da Mar, Rio
Formation of favela society and culture
edit
Bedroom on Favela of
So Paulo
The people who live in favelas are known as
favelados
("inhabitants of favela"). Favelas are associated with poverty. Brazil's favelas are the result of the
unequal distribution of wealth
in the country. Brazil is one of the most economically unequal countries in the world, with the top 10 percent of its population earning 50 percent of the national income and about 8.5 percent of all people living below the poverty line.
[22]
As a result, residents of favelas are often discriminated against for living in these communities and often experience inequality and exploitation.
[23]
This stigma that is associated with people living in favelas can lead to difficulty in finding jobs.
[23]
The Brazilian government has made several attempts in the 20th century to improve the nation's problem of urban poverty. One way was by the eradication of the favelas and favela dwellers that occurred during the 1970s while Brazil was under military governance. These favela eradication programs forcibly removed over 100,000 residents and placed them in public housing projects or back to the rural areas that many emigrated from.
[24]
Another attempt to deal with urban poverty came by way of
gentrification
. The government sought to upgrade the favelas and integrate them into the inner city with the newly urbanized upper-middle class. As these "upgraded favelas" became more stable, they began to attract members of the lower-middle class pushing the former favela dwellers onto the streets or outside of the urban center and into the suburbs further away from opportunity and economic advancement. For example: in Rio de Janeiro, the vast majority of the homeless population is black, and part of that can be attributed to favela gentrification and displacement of those in extreme poverty.
[25]
Drugs in the favelas
edit
The
cocaine
trade has affected Brazil and in turn its favelas, which tend to be ruled by drug lords. Regular shoot-outs between traffickers and police and other criminals, as well as assorted illegal activities, lead to murder rates in excess of 40 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of Rio and much higher rates in some Rio favelas.
[26]
Traffickers ensure that individual residents can guarantee their own safety through their actions and political connections to them. They do this by maintaining order in the favela and giving and receiving reciprocity and respect, thus creating an environment in which critical segments of the local population feel safe despite continuing high levels of violence.
Drug use is highly concentrated in these areas run by local gangs in each highly populated favela. Drug sales run rampant at night when many favelas host their own
baile
, or dance party, where many different social classes can be found. These drug sales make up a business that in some of the occupied areas rakes in as much as US$150 million per month, according to official estimates released by the Rio media.
[27]
Growth and removal of the favelas
edit
Despite attempts to remove favelas from Brazil's major cities like
Rio de Janeiro
and
So Paulo
, the poor population grew at a rapid pace as well as the modern favelas that house them in the end of last century. This is a phenomenon called "favelizao" ("favela growth" or "favelisation"). In 1969, there were approximately 300 favelas in Rio de Janeiro; today there are twice as many.
In 1950, only 7 percent of Rio de Janeiro's population lived in favelas; in the present day this number has grown to 19 percent or about one in five people living in a favela. According to national census data, from 1980 to 1990, the overall growth rate of Rio de Janeiro dropped by 8 percent, but the favela population increased by 41 percent. After 1990, the city's growth rate leveled off at 7 percent, but the favela population increased by 24 percent. A report released in 2010 by the United Nations, however, shows that Brazil has reduced its slum population by 16%, now corresponding to about 6% of the overall population of the nation.
[28]
Pope Francis
visits a favela in
Brazil
during the
World Youth Day 2013
Religion
edit
A number of religious traditions exist in the favelas. Historically,
Umbanda
and
Candombl
are the most prominent religions within favelas, but over the past few decades there has been a shift toward
Evangelicalism
, including
Pentecostalism
[15]
While there has been an increase in the number of converts to Evangelicalism, there are also an increasing number of people who claim to be
non-religious
[23]
Music
edit
Popular types of music in favelas include
funk
hip-hop
, and
Samba
[29]
Recently,
funk carioca
, a type of music popularized in the favelas has also become popular in other parts of the world.
[30]
This type of music often features samples from other songs. Popular funk artists include
MC Naldo
and
Buchecha
[30]
Bailes funk
are forms of dance parties that play this type of funk music and were popularized in favelas.
[23]
Popular hip hop artist
MV Bill
is from Cidade de Deus in Rio de Janeiro.
[23]
Favela Brass
is a free music school set up in Pereiro in Rio, which aims to give children opportunities through musical performance.
[31]
Popularization of favela culture
edit
Media representations of favelas also serve to spread knowledge of favelas, contributing to the growing interest in favelas as tourist locations.
[29]
In recent years, favela culture has gained popularity as inspiration for art in other parts of the world. Fascination with favela life can be seen in many paintings, photography, and reproductions of favela dwellings.
[23]
There have also been instances of European nightclubs inspired by favelas.
[23]
Tourism
edit
Since the mid-1990s, a new form of tourism has emerged in globalizing cities of several so-called
developing countries
or emerging nations. Visits to the most disadvantaged parts of the city are essential features of this form of tourism. It is mainly composed of guided tours, marketed and operated by professional companies, through these disadvantaged areas. This new form of tourism has often been referred to as
slum tourism
which can also be seen in areas of South Africa and India.
[32]
Aerial tramway
of the
Complexo do Alemo
, Rio de Janeiro. Used by favela commuters to the closer urban train station and tourist alike.
In Brazil, this new growing market of tourism has evolved in a few particular favelas mostly in
Rio de Janeiro
and
So Paulo
, with the largest and most visited favela being
Rocinha
. This new touristic phenomena has developed into a major segment of touristic exploration.
[11]
There are conflicting views on whether or not favela tourism is an ethical practice.
[29]
These tours draw awareness to the needs of the underprivileged population living in these favelas, while giving tourists access to a side of Rio that often lurks in the shadows. The tours are viewed as a spectacular alternative to mainstream Rio de Janeiro attractions, such as
Sugarloaf Mountain
and
Christ the Redeemer
. They offer a brief portrayal of Rio's hillside communities that are far more than the habitats often misrepresented by drug lords and criminals.
[33]
For instance, there are tours of the large favela of
Rocinha
. Directed by trained guides, tourists are driven up the favela in vans, and then explore the community's hillside by foot. Guides walk their groups down main streets and point out local hot spots. Most tours stop by a community center or school, which are often funded in part by the tour's profits. Tourists are given the opportunity to interact with local members of the community, leaders, and area officials, adding to their impressions of favela life. Depending on the tour, some companies will allow pictures to be taken in predetermined areas, while others prohibit picture-taking completely.
[33]
Notable features of said tours include:
[32]
Explanations regarding the mechanisms of socio-geographic differentiation and spatial disparities within a favela (especially rent, the property market, and unemployment)
Information regarding modern infrastructural equipment (such as wireless LAN, health services) and up-to-date shopping and services infrastructure (e.g. fashion stores, banks, cafs)
Meetings with voluntary workers on social or cultural projects and/or visits to such projects
Visits to schools, kindergartens or other institutions serving children and adolescents
Impressions of private residences, communication with their inhabitants
Visits to restaurants or caf
The Brazilian federal government views favela tourism with high regard. The administration of
Luiz Incio Lula da Silva
initiated a program to further implement tourism into the structure of favela economies. The Rio Top Tour Project, inaugurated in August 2010, promotes tourism throughout the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Beginning in Santa Marta, a favela of approximately 5,000 Cariocas, federal aid was administered in order to invigorate the tourism industry. The federal government has dedicated 230 thousand
Reais
(US$145 thousand) to the project efforts in
Santa Marta
. English signs indicating the location of attractions are posted throughout the community,
samba
schools are open, and viewing stations have been constructed so tourists can take advantage of Rio de Janeiro's vista. Federal and state officials are carrying out marketing strategies and constructing information booths for visitors. Residents have also been trained to serve as tour guides, following the lead of pre-existing favela tour programs.
[33]
Recently, favelas have been featured in multiple forms of media including movies and video games. The media representation of favelas has increased peoples' interest in favelas as tourist locations.
[29]
Panoramic view of Rio's
Rocinha
favela. Visible in the distance is the
South Atlantic Ocean
. The high-rise buildings near the coast are condominiums in
So Conrado
In popular culture
edit
This section
possibly contains
original research
Please
improve it
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The 1959 film
Black Orpheus
is set in an unnamed Rio favela.
The 1984 novel
Carioca Fletch
(part of the
Fletch
series by
Gregory Mcdonald
) takes place in a favela.
In his 1995 music video for the song "
They Don't Care About Us
" from his album
HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I
Michael Jackson
featured a favela prominently in the video.
In the 2002 video game
Jet Set Radio Future
, some of the locations take place in favela style housing, particularly Rokkaku-dai Heights and Kibogaoka Hill.
The 2002 film
City of God
(original Portuguese title:
Cidade de Deus
) takes place in the
Cidade de Deus
favela of Rio de Janeiro from the late 1960s to the early 1980s.
Living in and escaping favela life is a theme of the film
Antnia
(2006).
The 2007 film
Elite Squad
(original Portuguese title:
Tropa de Elite
) is a semi-fictional account of the BOPE (Portuguese: Batalho de Operaes Policiais Especiais), the Special Police Operations Battalion of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police, with main action taking place in Rio's favelas. The film was followed by a sequel,
Elite Squad: The Enemy Within
(original Portuguese title:
Tropa de Elite 2
), in 2010.
The 2008
anime
series
Michiko & Hatchin
is variously set in
South America
, including Brazil, featuring favelas.
The 2008 film
The Incredible Hulk
features footage shot in
Rocinha
A favela is featured in the
Call of Duty
franchise in the 2009 game
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
. It appears in the missions "Takedown" and "The Hornet's Nest" as well as a multiplayer map; the map reappears in the 2014 "Invasion" DLC for
Call of Duty: Ghosts
The 2011 film
Fast Five
features the characters living in Rio's favelas after escaping custody by American forces. Most of
Fast Five
was filmed in Puerto Rico and only a few scenes were filmed in Rio.
[34]
The second level in the 2011 video game
F.3.A.R.
takes place in a favela as the main character must make his escape from pursuing enemy forces.
In the 2011 film
Rio
, some of the scenes take place in the favela. It features the main characters (Blu and Jewel) being kidnapped for illegal wildlife trade and kept deep in one of the many houses in Rio's favelas.
In the 2012 video game
Papo & Yo
, the game takes place in an unspecified Brazilian favela which the player has to navigate.
In the 2012 video game
Max Payne 3
, some of the levels take place in the favelas of
So Paulo
, with large portions of the game taking place in Brazil.
In the music video for the 2012 song "
Let's Go
" by
Calvin Harris
featuring
Ne-Yo
, a boy wakes up in a favela in Rio.
A favela is featured as a bomb scenario map in the game
Counter-Strike
In the 2015 video game
Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege
, the Operation Skull Rain DLC comes with two Brazilian operators and a map which is a Brazilian favela.
The 2016
Netflix
original series
3%
features a Brazilian dystopian thriller web television set in a fictional favela, filmed in
So Paulo
[35]
The 2019
Netflix
original series
Sintonia
is mainly set in a favela in
So Paulo
See also
edit
Brazil portal
Abahlali baseMjondolo
Barrio
Bidonville
Cantegril
Class conflict
Colonia
Cortio
Gecekondu
Ghetto
Kibera
Komboni
Pueblos jvenes
Shanty town
Slum
Township (South Africa)
Villa miseria
Favelas
List of favelas in Brazil
Helipolis
Rocinha
References
edit
Ribeiro, Darcy
(1995).
O Povo Brasileiro
The Brazilian People
] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
Companhia das Letras
. p. 4.
ISBN
978-8571644519
"Censo 2010: 11,4 milhes de brasileiros (6,0%) vivem em aglomerados subnormais"
[2010 Census: 11.4 million Brazilians (6.0%) live in subnormal agglomerations] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
IBGE
. 21 December 2011.
Archived
from the original on 30 June 2020.
"Favelas"
Macalester College
. Archived from
the original
on 15 February 2001
. Retrieved
11 November
2011
Espinoza, Rodolfo.
"Slum Dunk"
brazzillog.com
Archived
from the original on 29 June 2006.
Douglas, Bruce (5 April 2016).
"The story of cities #15: the rise and ruin of Rio de Janeiro's first favela"
The Guardian
ISSN
0261-3077
Archived
from the original on 5 April 2016.
Santos, Ktia Andressa; Filho, Octvio Pessoa Arago; Aguiar, Caroline Mariana; Milinsk, Maria Cristina; Sampaio, Slvio Csar; Pal, Fernando; da Silva, Edson Antnio (March 2017). "Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and thermal analysis of oil extracted from favela (Cnidoscolus quercifolius) seeds".
Industrial Crops and Products
97
: 368373.
doi
10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.045
Pedro A. Pinto,
Os Sertes
de
Euclides da Cunha
: Vocabulrio e Notas Lexiolgicas
, Rio: Francisco Al
"Artigos"
. Archived from
the original
on 6 July 2011
. Retrieved
24 November
2010
Aldeias do mal
Archived
8 April 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
Ney dos Santos Oliveira,
Favelas and Ghettos:race and Class in Rio de Janeiro City
Perlman, Janice (10 September 2010).
Favela : ninety Decades of death on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro
. USA: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
9780195368369
Jump up to:
Frisch, T. Glimpses of another world: The favela as a tourist attraction. February 2012.
Pino, Julio Cesar.
Sources on the history of favelas in Brazil.
Balocco, Andr (18 November 2013).
"Beltrame: 'Cabe lutar para manter as UPPs'
O Dia
(in Portuguese).
Archived
from the original on 21 November 2013
. Retrieved
11 December
2013
See
Ronald Daus
's bibliography on Suburbs (
Free University of Berlin
Jump up to:
Mafra, Clara (March 2008). "Dwelling on the hill: Impressions of residents of two favelas in Rio de Janeiro regarding religion and public space".
Religion
38
(1): 6876.
doi
10.1016/j.religion.2008.01.001
S2CID
145068954
IBGE: 6% da populao brasileira vivia em favelas em 2010
Archived
24 March 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
Notcias Gazeta Online Favelas concentram 6% da populao brasileira, com 11 mi de habitantes
Archived
24 March 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
. Gazetaonline.globo.com (21 December 2011).
Caulfield, Sueann; Chambers, Sarah; Putnam, Laura (2005).
Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America
. Durham NC: Duke University Press. pp. 189192.
ISBN
0-8223-3587-5
"World's barriers: Rio de Janeiro"
. BBC. 5 November 2009
. Retrieved
6 July
2021
Bruno, Cassio; Onofre, Renato (10 November 2012).
"Liberdade poltica reforada com implantao das UPPs"
O Globo
(in Portuguese).
Archived
from the original on 11 November 2012
. Retrieved
11 November
2012
"Rio de Janeiro has 1,400 favelas dominated by criminals, says Civil Police Report (Read in portuguese)"
. 6 July 2020.
"Brasil tem 16,27 milhes de pessoas em extrema pobreza, diz governo"
(in Portuguese). G1. 5 March 2011.
Archived
from the original on 1 February 2012
. Retrieved
23 December
2011
Jump up to:
Perlman, Janice E. Favela : Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio De Janeiro. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009
Perlman, Janice E,.2006.The Metamorphosis of Marginality: Four Generations in the Favelas of Rio de Janeiro.
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
.606 Annals 154:2
Oliveira, Ney dos Santos.1996.Favelas and Ghettos: Race and Class in Rio de Janeiro and New York City.
Latin American Perspectives
23:82.
The Myth of Personal Security: Criminal Gangs, Dispute Resolution, and Identity in Rio de Janeiro's Favelas. By: Arias, Enrique Desmond; Rodrigues, Corinne Davis. Latin American Politics & Society, Winter2006, Vol. 48 Issue 4, p 5381, 29p.
Brazilian Army Caves in to Favela's Drug Dealers
Archived
24 March 2014 at the
Wayback Machine
. Brazzilmag.com (14 March 2006).
IBGE: 6% da populao brasileira vivia em favelas em 2010
Article at JCNET
Jump up to:
WILLIAMS, CLAIRE. "Ghettourism And Voyeurism, Or Challenging Stereotypes And Raising Consciousness? Literary And Non-Literary Forays into The Favelas of Rio De Janeiro." Bulletin of Latin American Research 27.4 (2008): 483500. Business Source Complete. Web. 8 December 2013.
Jump up to:
Moreno, Carolina. "Brazilian Funk Music: Rio De Janeiro's 'Music From The Favelas' Gains Acceptance (VIDEOS)." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 18 December 2012. Web. 8 Dec. 2013.
"Doncaster man sets up music school in Rio shanty town"
ITV News
. 28 July 2016
. Retrieved
30 January
2021
Jump up to:
Manfred, R. Poverty tourism: theoretical reflections and empirical findings regarding an extraordinary form of tourism. September 2009.
Jump up to:
Anonymous. Favela tourism guides new hope. Washington Report on the Hemisphere. April 2011.
"Puerto Rico Represents Brazil for Fast Five"
. Ramascreen. Archived from
the original
on 9 August 2012
. Retrieved
20 November
2011
"3% (TV Series 20162020) IMDb"
IMDb
Further reading
edit
Davies, Mike
(2006)
Planet of Slums
(New York: Verso).
ISBN
978-1-84467-160-1
Janice Perlman (2010)
Favela: Four Decades of Living on the Edge in Rio de Janeiro
(New York: Oxford University Press)
ISBN
9780195368369
Ana Rosa Chagas Cavalcanti (2018).
Housing Shaped by Labour: The Architecture of Scarcity in Informal Settlements.
(Berlin: Jovis Press).
ISBN
9783868595345
External links
edit
Media related to
FavelasSlums in Brazil
at Wikimedia Commons
Retrieved from "
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Favela&oldid=1232306980
Last edited 13 days ago
by
174.91.77.75
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