Summary History of Dyslexia from 1878 to the Present Time - Edublox Online Tutor www.edubloxtutor.com
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The history of dyslexia dates back to the late 19th century, with various terms and concepts being introduced and eventually leading to its categorization as a specific learning disorder in the DSM-5.
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Key Points
- The history of dyslexia began in 1878 with German neurologist Adolph Kussmaul's work on reading difficulties.
- Rudolf Berlin introduced the term "dyslexia" in 1884, referring to the failure to learn to read competently.
- James Hinshelwood and Samuel Orton expanded on Berlin's work, studying acquired and developmental dyslexia.
- Orton's research led to the foundation of the Orton Dyslexia Society and the shift of dyslexia from medical to educational ownership.
- In the 1960s, Alfred A. Strauss and Heinz Werner conducted research on brain-injured adolescents, leading to the recognition of learning disabilities.
- Samuel A. Kirk coined the term "learning disabilities" in 1963 and established the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities.
- The Education for All Handicapped Children Act in 1975 officially recognized learning disabilities and mandated special education services for students with learning disabilities.
- The terms "word blindness" and other obsolete terms have been replaced by "dyslexia" and "learning disability" as the preferred terminology.
Summaries
67 word summary
The history of dyslexia dates back to 1878, with the term "word blindness" coined by Adolph Kussmaul. "Dyslexia" was introduced in 1884. Pringle Morgan and James Kerr identified developmental dyslexia, followed by James Hinshelwood and Samuel Orton. Alfred A. Strauss and Heinz Werner recognized learning disabilities, and Samuel A. Kirk coined "learning disabilities" in 1963. Dyslexia is now categorized as a specific learning disorder in the DSM-5.
68 word summary
The history of dyslexia dates back to 1878 with the term "word blindness" coined by Adolph Kussmaul. Rudolf Berlin introduced "dyslexia" in 1884. Pringle Morgan and James Kerr identified developmental dyslexia, followed by James Hinshelwood and Samuel Orton. Alfred A. Strauss and Heinz Werner recognized learning disabilities, and Samuel A. Kirk coined "learning disabilities" in 1963. Dyslexia is now categorized as a specific learning disorder in the DSM-5.
129 word summary
The history of dyslexia dates back to 1878 when Adolph Kussmaul coined the term "word blindness." Rudolf Berlin introduced the term "dyslexia" in 1884 to describe acquired dyslexia. Pringle Morgan and James Kerr identified developmental dyslexia in a boy named Percy. James Hinshelwood and Samuel Orton further developed the concept. Hinshelwood focused on acquired and developmental dyslexia while Orton emphasized perceptual processing, coining the term "strephosymbolia." In the 1960s, Alfred A. Strauss and Heinz Werner recognized learning disabilities as a distinct field. Samuel A. Kirk coined the term "learning disabilities" in 1963. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act recognized learning disabilities in 1975. Dyslexia is now categorized as a specific learning disorder in the DSM-5. The history of dyslexia reflects progress in understanding and addressing this learning difficulty.
430 word summary
The history of dyslexia dates back to 1878 when German neurologist Adolph Kussmaul first drew attention to reading difficulties, coining the term "word blindness." In 1884, ophthalmologist Rudolf Berlin introduced the term "dyslexia," describing cases of acquired dyslexia in patients with brain lesions. Pringle Morgan and James Kerr recognized developmental dyslexia in a 14-year-old boy named Percy, who had normal intelligence but struggled with reading and writing.
British opthalmologist James Hinshelwood and American neurologist Samuel Orton further developed the concept of dyslexia. Hinshelwood focused on acquired and developmental dyslexia, while Orton emphasized the perceptual processing of letters and words, coining the term "strephosymbolia." Orton's research led to the establishment of the Orton Dyslexia Society and the transition of dyslexia from a medical to an educational issue.
In the 1960s, Alfred A. Strauss and Heinz Werner conducted research on brain-injured adolescents, leading to the recognition of learning disabilities as a distinct field. They observed that children with learning and behavior problems exhibited similar issues to brain-injured individuals. Strauss and Werner divided their students into endogenous and exogenous groups based on family history, concluding that brain injury caused intellectual disability.
Strauss and his colleagues expanded their research to include children with learning and behavior problems but no clinical signs of brain damage. They coined the term "minimal brain dysfunction" to describe these children. However, subsequent studies questioned the effectiveness of visual-perceptual-motor training programs for treating minimal brain dysfunction.
In 1963, Samuel A. Kirk coined the term "learning disabilities" to describe children with language, speech, reading, and communication disorders. This term gained popularity and led to the establishment of the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities. However, there has been a perpetuation of the myth that famous individuals like Albert Einstein and Leonardo da Vinci had dyslexia, despite evidence to the contrary.
In 1975, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act officially recognized learning disabilities and mandated special education services for students with learning disabilities in public schools. The act relied on the IQ-achievement approach, which has been criticized for its wait-to-fail model. Response to intervention (RTI) approaches have been proposed as an alternative.
Many outdated terms for dyslexia, such as "word blindness" and "strephosymbolia," have been replaced by the term "dyslexia." Learning disabilities (LD) is now the umbrella term for various learning difficulties, including dyslexia. Dyslexia is categorized as a specific learning disorder in the DSM-5.
Overall, the history of dyslexia highlights the progress made in understanding and addressing this learning difficulty, from its initial recognition in the late 19th century to its classification as a specific learning disorder in modern times.